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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

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Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

Nikhil A Sangle1, Kristi J Smock

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. nikhil_sangle@yahoo.com

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
|September 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Antiphospholipid antibodies cause blood clots and pregnancy issues. This review covers laboratory and clinical aspects of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS), focusing on lupus anticoagulant detection.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) target phospholipid-protein complexes.
  • Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) is a key cause of acquired thrombophilia.
  • APS involves thromboembolism or pregnancy complications alongside aPL presence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key laboratory and clinical aspects of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS).
  • To highlight challenges in interpreting laboratory results due to autoantibody heterogeneity and assay limitations.
  • To focus on lupus anticoagulant detection in light of updated guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and laboratory guidelines.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and antibody detection methods.

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Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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Antibody Profiling by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS)
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Antibody Profiling by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS)

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Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

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  • Emphasis on lupus anticoagulant testing methodologies.

    • Main Results:

    • aPL include lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies.
    • Diagnosis requires aPL confirmation on two occasions 12 weeks apart.
    • Laboratory interpretation is complex due to assay variability.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis and management of APS require understanding of laboratory nuances.
    • Updated guidelines for lupus anticoagulant testing are crucial for clinical practice.
    • Further standardization of assays may improve diagnostic accuracy.