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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Treating Varicocele-Induced Scrotal Pain

Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Treating Varicocele-Induced Scrotal Pain

Published on: August 30, 2024

Risk factors for developing pain in normospermic patients with varicocoele.

L K Chen¹, S S Chen

¹Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

International Journal of Andrology

|September 3, 2011

Summary

Pain in adult varicocoele patients is linked to higher peak retrograde flow, scrotal temperature, and distance from the renal hilum to the scrotum. Lower body mass index (BMI) is also associated with varicocoele pain.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Treating Varicocele-Induced Scrotal Pain

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Microscopic Varicocelectomy under Local Anesthesia as the Treatment of Varicocele

Microscopic Varicocelectomy under Local Anesthesia as the Treatment of Varicocele

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

Urology
Andrology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Varicocele is a common cause of male infertility.
Pain is a significant symptom in some varicocele patients.
Risk factors for varicocele-associated pain require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify potential risk factors for pain in normospermic adult varicocele patients.
To compare clinical and ultrasound parameters between painful and painless varicoceles.

Main Methods:

A comparative study involving 42 adult patients with painful left varicocele and 35 with painless left varicocele.
Assessment of pain using a visual analogue scale.
Multivariate analysis of parameters including BMI, distance from renal hilum to scrotum (DRS), semen quality, hormonal levels, testicular volume, varicocele grade, peak retrograde flow (PRF), spontaneous venous reflux (SVR), and scrotal temperature (ST).

Main Results:

Painful varicoceles were associated with significantly higher PRF, ST, DRS, and SVR rate, and lower BMI compared to painless varicoceles.
Significant differences in PRF, DRS, and BMI were observed among patients with varying pain severity.
Severe pain correlated with higher PRF and DRS, and lower BMI.

Conclusions:

Higher PRF, ST, DRS, and SVR, along with lower BMI, are significant risk factors for pain in normospermic adult varicoceles.
These factors, particularly PRF and DRS, are also associated with pain intensity.