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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
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Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

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Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

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Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides
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DORMEX-hydrogen cyanamide poisoning.

Sunil Holavanahalli Sheshadri1, Uchil Sudhir, Shiva Kumar

  • 1Department of Medicine, M S Ramaiah Medical Teaching Hospital, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, India.

Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock
|September 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute hydrogen cyanamide (DORMEX®) poisoning can be fatal, even with intensive care. This case report highlights a rare instance of intentional self-harm leading to death, emphasizing the need for medical awareness.

Keywords:
Disulfiram-like syndromehydrogen cyanamidepoisoning

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Clinical Case Reports

Background:

  • Hydrogen cyanamide (DORMEX®) is a plant growth regulator with documented cases of occupational and accidental exposure.
  • Previous reports primarily focused on non-fatal outcomes from acute or chronic exposure.
  • Limited data exists on fatal poisonings, particularly those resulting from intentional self-harm.

Observation:

  • A young male intentionally ingested hydrogen cyanamide (DORMEX®).
  • The patient received intensive care and standard detoxification protocols.
  • Despite aggressive medical intervention, the patient's condition deteriorated, leading to mortality.

Findings:

  • This case represents a rare instance of fatal acute hydrogen cyanamide poisoning due to suicidal intent.
  • The extensive literature search revealed no similar previously reported cases.
  • The outcome underscores the potential lethality of hydrogen cyanamide ingestion.

Implications:

  • Healthcare professionals should be aware of the potential for fatal outcomes from hydrogen cyanamide poisoning, even with prompt management.
  • This case highlights the severe toxicity of DORMEX® when ingested intentionally.
  • Further research into the toxicological profile and management of severe hydrogen cyanamide poisoning may be warranted.