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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

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Fluorescence flow cytometer to determine urine particle reference intervals in doping control samples.

Neil Robinson¹, Pierre-Edouard Sottas, Martial Saugy

¹Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Centre of Legal Medecine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Ch. des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland. neil.robinson@chuv.ch

Forensic Science International

|September 6, 2011

Summary

Urine sample analysis for doping control is challenged by microbial contamination. A Sysmex® UF-500i flow cytometer can rapidly screen urine particles, including bacteria, to assess sample integrity for anti-doping tests.

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Published on: March 28, 2014

Area of Science:

Sports Science
Analytical Chemistry
Microbiology

Background:

Urine is the primary matrix for doping control due to non-invasive collection.
Current protocols lack specific measures against microbial and thermal degradation of urine samples.
Microbial contamination is a known cause of chemical degradation in urine specimens.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the Sysmex® UF-500i for rapid screening of urine particles in doping control.
To establish reference intervals for urine specimens in anti-doping sample analysis.
To assess the prevalence of microbial contamination and its impact on sample integrity.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Sysmex® UF-500i flow cytometer to analyze 501 urine samples.
Quantified bacteria (BACT) and other urinary particles (RBC, WBC, EC, DEBRIS, CAST, PATH.CAST, YLC, SRC).
Measured urine conductivity and performed analysis of variance on factors like gender, test type, and delivery time.

Main Results:

A high prevalence of bacterial contamination was observed in most urine samples.
Significant variations in urine particle counts were noted based on tested factors.
The flow cytometer provided a snapshot of urine particle composition upon sample delivery.

Conclusions:

The Sysmex® UF-500i effectively screens urine particles, with bacteria (BACT) indicating potential microbial degradation.
This rapid screening can serve as an initial quality control in World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) labs.
Assessing particle load helps determine if steroid profiles and prohibited substances may have been altered.