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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

3D Imaging of Soft-Tissue Samples using an X-ray Specific Staining Method and Nanoscopic Computed Tomography
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Micro soft tissues visualization based on x-ray phase-contrast imaging.

Lu Zhang1, Shuqian Luo

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

The Open Medical Informatics Journal
|September 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phase contrast imaging (PCI) offers high-contrast, non-invasive visualization of soft tissue microstructures. This novel technique successfully imaged liver fibrosis stages and lung alveoli, advancing diagnostic capabilities for various diseases.

Keywords:
Phase contrast imaging (PCI)alveoli.diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI)hepatic fibrosisin-line X-ray phase contrast imaging (IL-XPCI)microvessel

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Soft Tissue Analysis

Background:

  • Current imaging techniques struggle to visualize fine microstructures in biological soft tissues, hindering early detection of small lesions.
  • Non-invasive imaging methods are crucial for detailed soft tissue analysis without patient harm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of Phase Contrast Imaging (PCI) for non-invasive microstructure observation of biological soft tissues.
  • To demonstrate PCI's capability in distinguishing disease stages and visualizing complex anatomical structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Phase Contrast Imaging (PCI) with X-ray phase shift to generate high-contrast images.
  • Applied PCI to established mouse and rat models of lung and hepatic fibrosis.
  • Reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) morphology of biological structures.

Main Results:

  • PCI successfully distinguished different stages of liver fibrosis non-invasively.
  • 3D visualization of a blood vessel segment, including internal blood clots, enabled precise assessment of vessel stenosis.
  • PCI provided detailed imaging of entire lung airways and alveoli, marking the first non-invasive imaging of alveoli.

Conclusions:

  • Phase Contrast Imaging (PCI) is a valuable tool for non-invasive biological soft tissue imaging.
  • PCI offers a novel perspective for diagnosing respiratory diseases through detailed alveoli visualization.
  • The technique shows significant potential for early disease detection and detailed structural analysis.