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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

PD-1 and autoimmunity.

Shimpei Kasagi1, Seiji Kawano, Shunichi Kumagai

  • 1Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. kobe470@med.kobe-u.ac.jp

Critical Reviews in Immunology
|September 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

T cell activation requires costimulation. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands inhibit T cells, maintaining tolerance but contributing to autoimmunity. This review covers PD-1 in autoimmunity and therapeutic potential.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • T cell activation is initiated by T cell receptor/MHC binding and costimulatory signals.
  • The immune system balances positive and negative costimulatory pathways to regulate T cell responses.
  • Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands constitute a critical inhibitory pathway for peripheral tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological roles of PD-1 signaling.
  • To explore the link between Pdcd-1 gene polymorphism and autoimmune diseases.
  • To summarize recent advances and therapeutic applications of PD-1/PD-1 ligand modulation in autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on PD-1 signaling.
  • Analysis of research on Pdcd-1 gene polymorphism and autoimmune conditions.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

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06:27

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09:40

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes

Published on: September 28, 2018

  • Examination of clinical trial data involving PD-1/PD-1 ligand modulation.

    • Main Results:

    • PD-1 signaling plays a crucial role in maintaining peripheral tolerance.
    • Dysregulation of the PD-1 pathway is implicated in the development of autoimmunity.
    • Modulation of PD-1/PD-1 ligand interactions has shown therapeutic promise.

    Conclusions:

    • PD-1 and its ligands are key regulators of T cell responses and immune tolerance.
    • Understanding PD-1's role in autoimmunity opens avenues for novel therapeutic strategies.
    • Targeting the PD-1 pathway offers potential for treating autoimmune diseases.