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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated. Under...
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Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Creating Defined Gaseous Environments to Study the Effects of Hypoxia on C. elegans
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Breathing without CO(2) chemosensitivity in conditional Phox2b mutants.

Nelina Ramanantsoa1, Marie-Rose Hirsch, Muriel Thoby-Brisson

  • 1Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U676, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|September 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elevated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) levels are not essential for early life breathing in mice. Peripheral oxygen (O(2)) sensing compensates for the lack of CO(2) response, enabling survival and homeostasis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior regulated by the brainstem.
  • The respiratory chemoreflex, triggered by increased blood CO(2), has been considered essential for breathing.
  • Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is linked to mutations in the PHOX2B gene.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the indispensability of the CO(2) chemoreflex for breathing in early life.
  • To explore the role of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) in CO(2) chemosensitivity.
  • To understand compensatory mechanisms for respiratory control.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a conditional mouse mutant with a specific PHOX2B mutation in the RTN.
  • Assessment of breathing patterns and blood gas homeostasis in mutant mice.
  • Experimental manipulation of peripheral and central chemosensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Mutant mice lacking RTN and CO(2) response survived and maintained normal breathing and blood CO(2) levels postnatally.
  • Peripheral O(2) sensing compensated for the absent CO(2) response; high O(2) abolished breathing.
  • CO(2) chemosensitivity showed partial recovery in adult mutant mice.

Conclusions:

  • The CO(2) excitatory input is dispensable for life-sustaining breathing and CO(2) homeostasis in early rodent life.
  • Peripheral O(2) chemoreceptors play a crucial compensatory role in the absence of central CO(2) sensitivity.
  • This challenges the long-held tenet regarding the absolute necessity of CO(2) stimulation for breathing.