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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection
12:57

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

Published on: October 13, 2017

Cavity QED with magnetically coupled collective spin states.

R Amsüss1, Ch Koller, T Nöbauer

  • 1Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Austria.

Physical Review Letters
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

We achieved strong coupling between nitrogen-vacancy (NV) electron spins in diamond and a superconducting resonator. This demonstrates a key step towards building quantum memories using nuclear spins and NV centers.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection
12:57

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

Published on: October 13, 2017

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Published on: June 8, 2018

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Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing

Published on: December 3, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Quantum computing
  • Solid-state physics
  • Diamond quantum technologies

Background:

  • Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising solid-state qubits.
  • Superconducting resonators are essential components in quantum circuits.
  • Strong coupling between qubits and resonators is crucial for quantum information processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate strong coupling between an ensemble of NV center electron spins and a superconducting microwave resonator.
  • To investigate the scaling of collective coupling strength with the number of NV centers.
  • To explore the potential for NV centers as quantum memories via hyperfine coupling to nuclear spins.
  • To measure NV center relaxation times nondestructively at millikelvin temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) electron spins in diamond.
  • Superconducting microwave coplanar waveguide resonator.
  • Measurement of collective coupling strength and its dependence on the number of emitters.
  • Measurement of hyperfine coupling to carbon-13 (13C) nuclear spins.
  • Nondestructive measurement of NV center relaxation time using cavity resonance frequency shifts at millikelvin temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Achieved strong coupling between NV electron spins and the superconducting resonator.
  • Observed the characteristic square-root scaling of collective coupling strength with the number of NV centers.
  • Measured hyperfine coupling to 13C nuclear spins, indicating potential for nuclear quantum memory.
  • Nondestructively measured NV center relaxation time at millikelvin temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Strong coupling between NV electron spins and superconducting resonators is experimentally verified.
  • The observed scaling provides direct evidence of collective effects in the spin ensemble.
  • The hyperfine coupling measurement is a significant step towards developing nuclear ensemble quantum memories.
  • Nondestructive relaxation time measurements at low temperatures are feasible, crucial for quantum device characterization.