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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

Extracellular TG2: emerging functions and regulation.

Alexey M Belkin1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. abelkin@som.umaryland.edu

The FEBS Journal
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular tissue transglutaminase (TG2) has diverse roles in cell-ECM interactions and signaling. Recent research highlights its dynamic regulation and complex functions beyond simple crosslinking.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Extracellular Matrix Biology

Background:

  • Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a calcium-dependent enzyme involved in crosslinking.
  • TG2 exhibits multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions.
  • Evidence points to TG2's significant roles on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and assess recent research on extracellular TG2.
  • To summarize emerging functions of extracellular TG2.
  • To discuss the dynamic regulation of extracellular TG2.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific findings.
  • Synthesis of data on TG2's cell surface and ECM activities.
  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms impacting extracellular TG2.

Main Results:

  • TG2 regulates cell-ECM interactions and transmembrane receptor signaling.
  • Extracellular TG2 participates in complex cellular processes.
  • Multiple mechanisms dynamically control extracellular TG2 levels and functions.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular TG2 is a key regulator of cell-ECM dynamics.
  • Understanding TG2's extracellular functions is crucial for cell biology.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate TG2's multifaceted roles.