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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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A partial pelvis of Australopithecus sediba.

Job M Kibii1, Steven E Churchill, Peter Schmid

  • 1Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Fossil pelvises of Australopithecus sediba show a mix of australopith and Homo features, indicating evolutionary shifts in early hominins. These changes in pelvic anatomy were not driven by the birth of larger-brained offspring.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Human Evolution
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • The hominin pelvis is crucial for understanding evolutionary changes in locomotion and parturition.
  • Australopithecus sediba fossils offer insights into the transition between australopiths and early Homo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct and analyze the partial pelves of two Australopithecus sediba individuals.
  • To identify shared and derived features with australopiths and Homo.
  • To investigate the relationship between pelvic evolution and brain size in early hominins.

Main Methods:

  • Reconstruction of partial pelves from previously reported and new fossil material.
  • Comparative anatomical analysis of pelvic features.
  • Morphological assessment of iliac blades, pubic rami, and ischia.

Main Results:

  • Reconstructed pelves exhibit a mosaic of traits: australopith-like features (large biacetabular diameter, small joints, long pubic rami) and Homo-like features (vertically oriented iliac blades, robust iliac body, shortened ischia, superiorly oriented pubic rami).
  • Derived features typically associated with the genus Homo are present in Australopithecus sediba.
  • These pelvic adaptations occurred in a species with a small adult brain size.

Conclusions:

  • The pelvic morphology of Australopithecus sediba represents a significant evolutionary mosaic.
  • The evolution of these derived pelvic features was likely not driven by the need to accommodate larger-brained offspring.
  • This finding challenges previous hypotheses linking pelvic evolution primarily to increased brain size in early hominin evolution.