Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Apparent Weight01:09

Apparent Weight

9.8K
True weight is the measure of the gravitational force acting on an object. However, if the object accelerates, its measured weight is different from its true weight. Similar observations can be made when the object is submerged in water. An object's weight in water is its apparent weight, which is equal to the difference between its true weight and the buoyant forces.
Consider a person standing on a bathroom scale inside an elevator. If the scale is accurate at rest, its reading equals the...
9.8K
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

37.3K
Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
37.3K
Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule02:36

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

80.4K
Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a model called the Lewis model that simplified the depiction of chemical bond formation and provided straightforward explanations for the chemical bonds seen in most common compounds.
80.4K
Sign Test for Matched Pairs01:17

Sign Test for Matched Pairs

394
The sign test for matched pairs offers a robust method for comparing two paired samples, often for the effects of an intervention in one of them. This method is very useful in situations where the underlying distribution of the data is unknown. The test compares two related samples—often pre- and post-treatment measurements on the same subjects—to determine if there are significant differences in their median values.
To conduct the sign test, we first calculate the differences in...
394
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

72.4K
To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
72.4K
Apparent Weight and the Earth's Rotation01:28

Apparent Weight and the Earth's Rotation

4.1K
Since all objects on the Earth's surface move through a circle every 24 hours, there must be a net centripetal force on each object, directed towards the center of that circle. The points of the north and south poles are the only exception to this rule.
For an object on the Earth's equator, the net centripetal force that accounts for its rotation is the Earth's pull towards its center, or the weight minus the normal force that prevents it from piercing into the Earth's surface....
4.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

An improved translational approach to studying persistence-strengthening effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same author

Moral Injury and Nicotine Dependence from Electronic Cigarettes Among Women Veterans: A Behavioral Economic Perspective.

Substance use & misuse·2026
Same author

A comparison of the Don't Stop! Game and the Step it UP! Game to increase step counts of adults with disabilities.

Journal of applied behavior analysis·2025
Same author

Cigarette smoking prevalence, nicotine dependence, and quit ratios among U.S. adult females by residence and military-veteran status: 2002-2023.

Preventive medicine·2025
Same author

Effects of pre-session feeding, an abolishing operation, on resurgence in rats.

Behavioural processes·2025
Same author

Removing the opportunity to respond induces resurgence.

Behavioural processes·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography
06:19

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography

Published on: March 10, 2023

5.6K

Switch hitting in baseball: apparent rule-following, not matching.

Alan Poling1, Marc A Weeden, Ryan Redner

  • 1Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. alan.poling@wmich.edu

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|September 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Baseball switch-hitters often bat opposite the pitcher rather than based on performance outcomes. This study found undermatching, indicating insensitivity to reinforcement, challenging the generalized matching equation in sports behavior.

Keywords:
baseballgeneralized matching equationmatching equationmatching lawrule-governed behaviorsports psychology

More Related Videos

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
07:00

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

2.2K
Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics
09:54

Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics

Published on: September 10, 2018

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography
06:19

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography

Published on: March 10, 2023

5.6K
Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
07:00

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

2.2K
Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics
09:54

Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics

Published on: September 10, 2018

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral psychology
  • Sports science
  • Human decision-making

Background:

  • The generalized matching equation successfully models time/effort allocation in various activities.
  • Previous research shows its applicability in sports like basketball and football.
  • Understanding choice behavior in athletes is crucial for performance analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the generalized matching equation's applicability to switch-hitters' at-bat choices.
  • To investigate if elite baseball switch-hitters allocate at-bats based on performance consequences (total bases, RBIs, home runs).
  • To analyze handedness bias in switch-hitters' at-bat selection.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed at-bat data for three prominent switch-hitters: Mickey Mantle, Eddie Murray, and Pete Rose.
  • Examined the relationship between left/right-handed at-bats (responses) and performance outcomes (consequences).
  • Assessed for undermatching and bias in handedness selection.

Main Results:

  • All analyzed switch-hitters exhibited undermatching, deviating from the generalized matching equation.
  • A significant bias towards left-handed at-bats was observed across all players.
  • Handedness choice appeared dictated by the 'bat opposite the pitcher' strategy, not performance data.

Conclusions:

  • The findings present a counter-instance to the generalized matching equation's predictive power in sports.
  • Switch-hitters' handedness decisions may be rule-based rather than consequence-driven.
  • Further research is needed to identify variables influencing choice behavior in athletes.