Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Classical Conditioning01:18

Classical Conditioning

Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs salivated...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Toward a comprehensive account of verbal memory: An embedded computational model across representational domains.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

MINERVA OPS: A computational framework for the representation and recognition of orthographic, phonological, and semantic associates.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same author

An embedded computational framework of memory: The critical role of representations in veridical and false recall predictions.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2025
Same author

Semantic similarity is not emotional: No effect of similarity defined by valence, arousal, and dominance on short-term ordered recall.

Memory & cognition·2025
Same author

Directed Forgetting and the Production Effect.

Experimental psychology·2024
Same author

A computational account of item-based directed forgetting for nonwords: Incorporating orthographic representations in MINERVA 2.

Memory & cognition·2023
Same journal

Correction: Quantifying nonmnemonic strategies in two-alternative forced-choice delayed matching and nonmatching-to-position tasks in mice (Mus musculus) using automated video tracking technologies.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

Unconditional stimulus deflation is stimulus specific.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

What is possible and what is worth: Higher levers afford more work and enhance the value of leisure.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

Behavioral impact of adolescent social isolation stress: A multidimensional assessment in male NMRI mice.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

Behavioral characteristics of rapid visual categorization learning in domestic chicks.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

Operant conditioning through positive reinforcement in the ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata).

Learning & behavior·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:17

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

An instance theory of associative learning.

Randall K Jamieson1, Matthew J C Crump, Samuel D Hannah

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. randy_jamieson@umanitoba.ca

Learning & Behavior
|September 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Minerva-AL, an instance model of associative learning, explains learning as cued recall from memory traces. This model successfully predicts numerous complex associative learning phenomena.

More Related Videos

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants
05:46

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Published on: October 5, 2018

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
09:22

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: February 18, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:17

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants
05:46

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Published on: October 5, 2018

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
09:22

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: February 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Machine Learning

Background:

  • Associative learning is fundamental to understanding behavior.
  • Existing models often struggle to explain the full spectrum of associative learning phenomena.
  • An instance-based approach offers a novel perspective on memory and learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and validate Minerva-AL, an instance model of associative learning.
  • To demonstrate that associative learning can be conceptualized as cued recall.
  • To show the model's ability to predict a wide range of associative learning effects.

Main Methods:

  • Developed Minerva-AL, an instance-based computational model.
  • Modeled memory as separate traces of individual trials.
  • Simulated cued recall where a probe retrieves a weighted sum (echo) of traces.
  • Measured learning by cue's ability to retrieve outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Minerva-AL successfully predicts numerous associative learning phenomena.
  • The model accounts for acquisition, extinction, and complex interactions like blocking and overshadowing.
  • It also explains phenomena such as conditioned inhibition and retrospective revaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Associative learning is consistent with an instance-based memory approach.
  • Minerva-AL provides a unified framework for understanding diverse associative learning effects.
  • The model offers a powerful tool for cognitive and computational research in learning and memory.