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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

Identifying translationally regulated genes during stem cell differentiation.

Prabha Sampath1, Qian Yi Lee, Vivek Tanavde

  • 1Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore.

Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology
|September 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a method to identify genes regulated during embryonic stem cell differentiation by analyzing actively translated messenger RNAs (mRNAs) versus translationally inactive mRNAs. This approach distinguishes well-translated from poorly translated mRNA molecules for comprehensive gene profiling.

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Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes
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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes
10:48

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

Published on: April 12, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cell differentiation involves complex gene regulation.
  • Understanding translational control is crucial for deciphering gene expression dynamics.
  • Existing methods may not fully capture the nuances of translation state during differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a protocol for genome-wide identification of translationally regulated genes.
  • To profile translation states during embryonic stem cell differentiation.
  • To integrate transcriptome and translation state data for a comprehensive view.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing sucrose gradient fractionation to separate actively translated mRNAs (polysomes) from translationally inactive mRNAs (mRNPs).
  • Employing microarray analysis on fractionated mRNA and total RNA samples.
  • Correlating ribosome occupancy with protein synthesis rates for mRNA molecules.

Main Results:

  • The protocol allows for the distinction between well-translated and poorly translated mRNA populations.
  • Differential translation states of genes were identified during embryonic stem cell differentiation.
  • Integrated analysis revealed genes with translation-specific regulation.

Conclusions:

  • The described protocol enables genome-wide identification of translationally regulated genes.
  • This method provides insights into post-transcriptional gene regulation during stem cell differentiation.
  • The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of gene expression control in development.