Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2025/26: Catalytic receptors.

British journal of pharmacology·2025
Same author

Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulation of Guanylyl Cyclase (GC)-A and Other Membrane GC Receptors.

Endocrine reviews·2024
Same author

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: Catalytic receptors.

British journal of pharmacology·2023
Same author

Novel enhancers of guanylyl cyclase-A activity acting via allosteric modulation.

British journal of pharmacology·2023
Same author

Vicinal glutamates are better phosphomimetics: Phosphorylation is required for allosteric activation of guanylyl cyclase-A.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience·2022
Same author

Epitope-tagged and phosphomimetic mouse models for investigating natriuretic peptide-stimulated receptor guanylyl cyclases.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience·2022
Same journal

Integrative spatiotemporal analysis uncovers an Fto-mediated epigenetic-metabolic axis governing myocardial ischemic injury.

Cellular signalling·2026
Same journal

Caspase-3 activation is a brake in GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis.

Cellular signalling·2026
Same journal

ILF3 promotes proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through STAT3 phosphorylation and formation of an endogenous complex with SRPK1.

Cellular signalling·2026
Same journal

Extracellular regucalcin blocks the proliferation and metastatic activity of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells by targeting diverse signaling pathways: Involvement in the cancer cell microenvironment.

Cellular signalling·2026
Same journal

Neutrophilic LGALS2 drives tuberculosis susceptibility by regulating Th2 polarization via the IFN-γ-HLA-II-CD4 axis.

Cellular signalling·2026
Same journal

Diosgenin alleviates radiation nephropathy by suppressing renal mTORC1 signalling with concomitant effects on the gut and liver.

Cellular signalling·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid
08:49

Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid

Published on: January 26, 2024

Guanylyl cyclase structure, function and regulation.

Lincoln R Potter1

  • 1Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. potter@umn.edu

Cellular Signalling
|September 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details guanylyl cyclases and cyclic GMP (cGMP), a key second messenger. It explores their roles in various physiological processes and the regulation of specific mammalian guanylyl cyclase enzymes.

More Related Videos

Drug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications
09:39

Drug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications

Published on: January 27, 2014

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators
07:41

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

Published on: February 20, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid
08:49

Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid

Published on: January 26, 2024

Drug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications
09:39

Drug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications

Published on: January 27, 2014

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators
07:41

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

Published on: February 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Guanylyl cyclases catalyze the synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from guanosine triphosphate.
  • cGMP acts as a crucial second messenger, regulating diverse cellular functions.
  • Key activators include nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery and function of cGMP and guanylyl cyclases.
  • To detail the roles of nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, and soluble guanylyl cyclase.
  • To provide an in-depth description of mammalian membrane-spanning guanylyl cyclases (GC-A through GC-G).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review
  • Biochemical studies
  • Cell biological studies
  • Gene-deletion studies

Main Results:

  • Established the catalytic function of guanylyl cyclases in cGMP production.
  • Highlighted cGMP's involvement in platelet aggregation, neurotransmission, blood pressure, and more.
  • Described the structure, function, and regulation of seven mammalian guanylyl cyclases.

Conclusions:

  • Guanylyl cyclases and cGMP are central to numerous physiological processes.
  • Understanding these enzymes is vital for comprehending cellular signaling.
  • Detailed characterization of individual guanylyl cyclases provides a foundation for future research.