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Related Concept Videos

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this staggered...
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
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C76 fullerene chlorides and cage transformations. Structural and theoretical study.

Ilya N Ioffe1, Olga N Mazaleva, Chuanbao Chen

  • 1Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|September 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the chlorination of D(2)-C(76) fullerene, revealing intermediate chlorides and two distinct structural types. It also explains the skeletal rearrangement yielding a non-IPR C(76)Cl(24) compound.

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Area of Science:

  • Fullerene Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon with unique cage-like structures.
  • Chlorination of fullerenes is a key method for functionalization and property tuning.
  • The D(2)-C(76) fullerene isomer presents specific structural characteristics for chemical modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the detailed chlorination products of D(2)-C(76) fullerene under various conditions.
  • To identify and characterize intermediate chlorinated fullerene species.
  • To rationalize the observed skeletal rearrangements during chlorination.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental chlorination of D(2)-C(76) fullerene.
  • Spectroscopic and analytical techniques for characterization of chlorinated products.
  • Theoretical calculations to explain structural changes and reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identification of previously unknown intermediate chlorides of C(76) fullerene.
  • Discovery of two distinct structural types based on the degree of chlorination (C(76)Cl(18)-C(76)Cl(28) and C(76)Cl(30)-C(76)Cl(34)).
  • Theoretical explanation for the formation of a non-IPR C(76)Cl(24) isomer via skeletal rearrangement.

Conclusions:

  • The chlorination of D(2)-C(76) fullerene yields a complex mixture of products with distinct structural motifs.
  • Understanding these structural types is crucial for controlling fullerene functionalization.
  • Theoretical insights support the observed chemical transformations and isomer formation.