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Related Concept Videos

Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

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Tracking Drug-induced Changes in Receptor Post-internalization Trafficking by Colocalizational Analysis
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Published on: July 3, 2015

Ras trafficking, localization and compartmentalized signalling.

Ian A Prior1, John F Hancock

  • 1Physiological Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Research, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 3BX, UK. iprior@liverpool.ac.uk

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|September 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ras proteins, crucial in cancer, exhibit isoform-specific localization and membrane orientation, dictating distinct signaling functions. Understanding these differences is key to deciphering cancer signaling networks.

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Published on: July 3, 2015

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Ras proteins are proto-oncogenes frequently mutated in human cancers.
  • HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS isoforms have overlapping yet distinct cellular functions.
  • Ras signaling specificity is influenced by protein trafficking, localization, and membrane orientation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for characterizing compartmentalized Ras localization and signaling.
  • To highlight the role of localization in modulating signaling networks.
  • To underscore the broad relevance of Ras system insights for membrane-initiated signaling research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Ras protein localization and signaling.
  • Analysis of studies employing various techniques to characterize Ras compartmentalization.
  • Synthesis of findings on how Ras isoform differences impact signaling specificity.

Main Results:

  • Differences in Ras isoform trafficking, localization, and membrane orientation determine signaling specificity.
  • Compartmentalized Ras localization is a critical factor in contextualizing signaling networks.
  • Various strategies exist for characterizing Ras localization and its downstream signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Ras protein localization is a key determinant of signaling specificity.
  • Insights from the Ras system have widespread implications for understanding membrane-initiated signaling.
  • Further research into Ras compartmentalization can advance cancer signaling network comprehension.