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Related Concept Videos

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Heritability01:06

Heritability

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Heritability is a statistical concept that measures the degree to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to trait variations within a population. It is a fundamental idea in genetics, often prone to misinterpretation. Heritability is expressed as a percentage, reflecting the proportion of variation in a specific trait across a population that can be linked to genetic differences. However, it's important to understand that heritability does not determine how "genetic"...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins01:30

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Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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The "missing" link in atrial fibrillation heritability.

Babar Parvez1, Dawood Darbar

  • 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37323-6602, USA.

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Summary

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common heart arrhythmia with a significant health burden. Research shows lone AF has a genetic basis, with rare variants potentially explaining a large fraction of risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, posing a significant health burden.
  • Its prevalence is increasing, particularly in aging populations, with an expected rise to 16 million cases by 2050.
  • Current therapies are limited due to an incomplete understanding of AF's complex pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic underpinnings of lone atrial fibrillation.
  • To explore the role of genetic variants in the development of AF.
  • To identify potential genetic factors contributing to the increasing prevalence of AF.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AF genetics.
  • Analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identifying AF-associated genetic variants.
  • Examination of mutations in genes encoding cardiac ion channels, gap junctions, and signaling molecules.

Main Results:

  • Lone AF, previously considered sporadic, has a substantial genetic basis.
  • Mutations in various cardiac genes have been reported in isolated cases of AF.
  • GWAS have identified several AF loci, but common variants explain less than 10% of heritability in lone AF.

Conclusions:

  • Rare genetic variants with significant effects may account for a substantial portion of lone AF risk.
  • Further research into the genetic architecture of AF is crucial for developing effective therapies.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of AF is essential for addressing the growing epidemic.