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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Frequency comb velocity-modulation spectroscopy.

Laura C Sinclair1, Kevin C Cossel, Tyler Coffey

  • 1JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA. sinclail@jila.colorado.edu

Physical Review Letters
|September 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new ion spectroscopy technique combining cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy and velocity-modulation spectroscopy. This method achieves high sensitivity and accuracy for measuring molecular ion electronic transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Spectroscopy
  • Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy
  • Ion Spectroscopy

Background:

  • High-sensitivity spectroscopy is crucial for molecular characterization.
  • Existing methods for ion spectroscopy can be limited in speed and resolution.
  • Frequency comb spectroscopy offers precise frequency measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel, massively parallel spectroscopic technique for ion detection.
  • To measure the electronic transitions of the HfF⁺ ion with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy.
  • To establish a new standard for high-resolution ion spectroscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Combined cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy with velocity-modulation spectroscopy.
  • Developed a novel system for massively parallel spectral acquisition.
  • Utilized interleaved measurements for a fully sampled spectrum.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a fractional absorption sensitivity of 3×10⁻⁷ for HfF⁺ electronic transitions.
  • Recorded spectra over 1500 simultaneous channels spanning 150 cm⁻¹ around 800 nm.
  • Obtained an absolute frequency accuracy of 30 MHz (0.001 cm⁻¹).
  • Acquired a fully sampled spectrum in just 30 minutes.

Conclusions:

  • The new technique provides highly sensitive and accurate ion spectroscopy.
  • This method enables rapid acquisition of high-resolution spectra for molecular ions.
  • The demonstrated system opens new avenues for studying ion properties.