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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...

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Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence
09:54

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence

Published on: March 8, 2020

Opioid dependence.

K Thyarappa Praveen1, Fergus Law, Jacinta O'Shea

  • 12gether Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|September 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review examines drug treatments for opioid dependence, covering stabilization, withdrawal, and relapse prevention. It found evidence on the effectiveness and safety of interventions like buprenorphine and methadone.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Opioid dependence is complex, influenced by genetic and psychosocial factors.
  • Treatment involves three stages: stabilization, withdrawal (detoxification), and relapse prevention.
  • Successful treatment aids recovery, improving health, well-being, and societal engagement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review drug treatments for opioid dependence.
  • To evaluate interventions for stabilization (maintenance), withdrawal, and relapse prevention.
  • To assess the effectiveness and safety of various pharmacological treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review of medical literature up to March 2011.
  • Searched databases including Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.
  • Included studies such as systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies, along with regulatory harms alerts.

Main Results:

  • Identified 26 relevant systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies.
  • Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.
  • Gathered data on the effectiveness and safety of specific drug treatments.

Conclusions:

  • The review presents findings on buprenorphine, clonidine, lofexidine, methadone, and naltrexone.
  • Information on ultra-rapid withdrawal regimens is also included.
  • The study provides insights into the effectiveness and safety of these interventions for opioid dependence treatment.