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Related Concept Videos

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker proteins that...
Cell Migration01:19

Cell Migration

Cell migration is a process by which the cells move from one location to another, playing an essential role in embryological development, repair and regeneration, immune response, and metastasis. Cells migrate in response to chemical or mechanical signals generated by specific organs or tissues. The overall mechanism includes three steps - polarization, protrusion, and release. Polarization involves the formation of a distinct cell front and rear, which determines the direction of movement.
Cell Migration01:09

Cell Migration

Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms throughout their life. When cells are not able to migrate properly to their ordained locations, various disorders may occur. For example, disruption in cell migration causes chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
Role of Myosin in Cell Migration01:18

Role of Myosin in Cell Migration

Myosins are multimeric motor proteins involved in various cellular processes such as migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Myosin II is the most common type in animal cells, which binds and cross-links actin filaments.
Myosin II  is a hexamer comprising two heavy chains with globular heads and coiled-coil tails, two regulatory light chains, and two essential light chains. The ATPase sites on the myosin heads hydrolyze ATP, and the released phosphate generates the force for contraction. It is...
Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins01:21

Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins

Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia01:35

Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia

Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However, invadopodia can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Methods to Study Mrp4-containing Macromolecular Complexes in the Regulation of Fibroblast Migration
10:43

Methods to Study Mrp4-containing Macromolecular Complexes in the Regulation of Fibroblast Migration

Published on: May 19, 2016

Review series: TOR kinase complexes and cell migration.

Lunhua Liu1, Carole A Parent

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|September 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cell migration, crucial for biology and disease, is regulated by signaling pathways. The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase complexes (TORC1 and TORC2) are key regulators of this process.

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In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays
09:55

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Published on: June 1, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Methods to Study Mrp4-containing Macromolecular Complexes in the Regulation of Fibroblast Migration
10:43

Methods to Study Mrp4-containing Macromolecular Complexes in the Regulation of Fibroblast Migration

Published on: May 19, 2016

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays
09:55

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Published on: June 1, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cell migration is a fundamental biological process involved in development, immunity, and disease.
  • It is orchestrated by intricate signal transduction cascades initiated by external stimuli binding to cell surface receptors.
  • The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase has recently been identified as a critical mediator in these pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase complexes in regulating cell migration and chemotaxis.
  • To understand how TORC1 and TORC2 link external signals to the cellular machinery governing cell movement.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated signaling pathways involved in cell migration.
  • Utilized molecular biology techniques to study TORC1 and TORC2 function.
  • Examined the impact of TOR signaling on cytoskeletal dynamics and cell movement.

Main Results:

  • TOR kinase, through TORC1 and TORC2, plays a significant role in cell migration.
  • These complexes act as crucial signaling hubs connecting external cues to cytoskeletal rearrangements.
  • TOR signaling is essential for directed cell movement (chemotaxis) across various cell types.

Conclusions:

  • TORC1 and TORC2 are key regulators of cell migration and chemotaxis.
  • Understanding TOR signaling provides insights into fundamental cellular processes and potential therapeutic targets.