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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
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Hepatitis B virus S gene escape mutants.

Michael A Purdy1

  • 1Division of Viral Hepatitis, MS-A33, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.

Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
|September 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations, particularly in the S gene, can lead to occult infections. These undetected infections pose risks to blood transfusions, necessitating improved donor screening methods.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health concern, with genotypes B and C prevalent in Asia.
  • HBV transmission occurs parenterally, leading to acute or chronic disease, with chronic infections causing severe sequelae.
  • High HBV seroprevalence in Asia necessitates effective prevention and control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of antiviral treatments on HBV S gene mutations.
  • To understand the implications of these mutations for hepatitis B diagnosis and blood safety.
  • To highlight the public health challenges posed by drug-resistant HBV strains.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of HBV S gene mutations in patients undergoing antiviral therapy.
Keywords:
Escape mutantsgenotypehepatitis B virusreviewsubtypesurface antigen

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  • Assessment of the detectability of HBV variants with mutations in the major hydrophilic region (MHR).
  • Review of current blood donor screening protocols in relation to occult HBV infection.

    • Main Results:

    • Antiviral therapies exert selective pressure, driving the accumulation of HBV S gene mutations, predominantly in the MHR.
    • These mutations can result in treatment failure, viral reactivation, and the emergence of occult hepatitis B infections.
    • Current diagnostic methods may fail to detect occult HBV infections, posing a risk to blood transfusion safety.

    Conclusions:

    • Mutations in the HBV S gene, particularly within the MHR, are a growing concern due to their association with occult infections.
    • Occult HBV infections present a challenge for blood supply safety, as infected individuals may unknowingly donate blood.
    • Development of enhanced strategies for blood donor evaluation and selection is crucial to mitigate the risk of HBV transmission through transfusion.