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IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...

IR Spectrum

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

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[Micro Hadamard transform near-infrared spectrometer].

Zhi-hai Zhang¹, Xiang-xia Muo, Yuan-jun Guo

¹Key Laboratory for Opto-Eletronic Technology and System, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China. zzhincq@163.com

Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu

|September 28, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel micro Hadamard transform (HT) near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer utilizes a Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) blazed grating mask for compact, high-speed spectral analysis. This portable spectrometer achieves excellent performance for real-time detection applications.

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Area of Science:

Spectroscopy
Optical Engineering
Micro-systems Engineering

Context:

Traditional spectrometers can be bulky and slow.
The need for portable, rapid spectral analysis is growing in various fields.
Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) offer miniaturization and dynamic control.

Purpose:

To introduce a new micro Hadamard transform (HT) near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer.
To analyze the structure, theory, and performance of this novel spectrometer.
To demonstrate its suitability for real-time and portable applications.

Summary:

A compact MOEMS blazed grating HT mask enables dynamic mask generation and high scan speeds.
A 63-order Hadamard-S matrix and mask were designed and dynamically generated.
Experimental results show good agreement with a commercial spectrometer, with a wavelength range of 900-1700 nm and 19 nm spectral resolution.

Impact:

Enables real-time detection with a portable, lightweight (under 1 kg) instrument.
Achieves a fast single scan time of 2.4 s and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 44.67:1.
Paves the way for advanced portable NIR spectroscopy in field applications.