Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

Overview
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

An optimized prime editing system for precise genome editing in soybean.

Plant communications·2026
Same author

The role of RARG in solid tumor progression and therapeutic potential.

Discover oncology·2026
Same author

Epithelial Cell-Specific Prognostic Signature (FTH1, RIT1, WASL, NDRG2, KIFC3) Stratifies Cervical Cancer Patients and Correlates With Immune Infiltration.

Human mutation·2026
Same author

HIF-2α / HILPDA promotes ferroptosis sensitivity in placenta trophoblast cells of early-onset preeclampsia.

Placenta·2025
Same author

Identification and validation of expression and functions of ferroptosis-related gene HILPDA in early-onset preeclampsia placentas.

Frontiers in immunology·2025
Same author

Development of a relapse-related RiskScore model to predict the drug sensitivity and prognosis for patients with ovarian cancer.

PeerJ·2025
Same journal

Molecular Interplay of PARN and Telomerase: Tail Modifiers and Disease Implications.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

Exploring New Frontiers in Bone Metabolism: Role and Potential of lncRNA DANCR.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

Functional Inclusion of RNA Biology in the Tethered Extracellular Matrix.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

Structural and Functional Diversity of RNA-Containing Toxin-Antitoxin Systems.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

Promoter-Targeting RNA Technologies: An Epigenetic Strategy for Gene Activation and Gene Silencing.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

LncRNA PCAT18: Roles and Mechanisms in Human Cancers.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli
10:38

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

Published on: November 30, 2018

Viroids: self-replicating, mobile, and fast-evolving noncoding regulatory RNAs.

Biao Ding1

  • 1Department of Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Center, The Center for RNA Biology, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, 207 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ding.35@osu.edu

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|September 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viroids are tiny plant pathogens that cause disease by regulating host genes. Their rapid evolution and unique RNA structures reveal fundamental biological principles.

More Related Videos

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
12:20

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Published on: December 29, 2015

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells
08:58

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells

Published on: May 1, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli
10:38

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

Published on: November 30, 2018

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
12:20

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Published on: December 29, 2015

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells
08:58

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells

Published on: May 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Molecular biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Viroids are small, circular, noncoding RNA molecules that infect plants.
  • They replicate within host cells and spread systemically, causing diseases.
  • Viroid functions are primarily mediated through interactions with host cellular factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss recent advancements in viroid research.
  • To highlight the significance of viroids in understanding fundamental biological principles.
  • To emphasize the role of noncoding RNAs in host gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent progress in viroid research.
  • Analysis of viroid replication mechanisms.
  • Examination of viroid-host interactions and RNA trafficking.

Main Results:

  • Viroid replication showcases novel RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities.
  • Systemic infection reveals RNA structural motifs mediating intercellular trafficking.
  • Viroid diseases result from host gene regulation by noncoding RNAs.
  • Viroid RNA exhibits the highest in vivo mutation rate among known replicons.
  • Expanding host ranges are driven by rapid evolution of viroid sequences and structures.

Conclusions:

  • Viroid research offers insights into fundamental biological principles, including RNA-protein interactions and gene regulation.
  • The study of viroids contributes to understanding RNA's diverse biological roles.
  • Viroids represent a significant model for exploring RNA evolution and host-pathogen dynamics.