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Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes
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Viral tRNAs and tRNA-like structures.

Theo W Dreher1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Center for Genome Research and Bioinformatics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. theo.dreher@oregonstate.edu

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|September 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses manipulate transfer RNA (tRNA) biology for replication. Some viruses produce their own tRNAs or recruit host tRNAs, while others use unique tRNA-like structures (TLSs) to mimic tRNA functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Viruses frequently interact with and alter host cell machinery, including transfer RNA (tRNA) biology, to facilitate their replication cycles.
  • Different viral types, including large DNA viruses and retroviruses, have evolved distinct strategies involving tRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diverse mechanisms by which viruses exploit or modify tRNA biology.
  • To discuss the structures and functions of 3'-tRNA-like structures (TLSs) found in positive-strand RNA plant viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on viral interactions with tRNA.
  • Comparative analysis of viral tRNA production, host tRNA recruitment, and TLS formation.

Main Results:

  • Large DNA viruses (bacteriophages, phycodnaviruses, mimiviruses) synthesize viral tRNAs to optimize translation during infection.
  • Retroviruses utilize specific host tRNAs as primers for reverse transcription.
  • Positive-strand RNA plant viruses employ 3'-tRNA-like structures (TLSs), which differ in construction but functionally mimic tRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Viral manipulation of tRNA biology is a widespread phenomenon with varied strategies.
  • TLSs represent a unique viral adaptation, demonstrating functional convergence with authentic tRNAs despite structural divergence.
  • Understanding these viral-tRNA interactions provides insights into viral evolution and molecular mimicry.