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Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

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Semantic component of a cross-modal Stroop-like task.

D M Stuart¹, M Carrasco

¹Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459-0408, USA.

The American Journal of Psychology

|October 1, 2011

Summary

Cross-modal Stroop effects demonstrate semantic interference between pictures and words. Task demands, like naming or categorizing, influence whether semantic similarity enhances or reduces interference.

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Psycholinguistics

Background:

The Stroop test traditionally assesses selective attention and cognitive control within a single sensory modality.
Previous research has explored modality-specific interference, but cross-modal interactions remain less understood.
Investigating cross-modal interference provides insights into the shared semantic representations underlying different sensory inputs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether the Stroop effect, a measure of cognitive interference, extends to cross-modal interactions between visual and auditory stimuli.
To determine if semantic relatedness between distractors and targets influences the magnitude of cross-modal Stroop-like effects.
To examine how task demands (naming vs. categorization) modulate cross-modal semantic interference.

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Main Methods:

Three experiments were conducted using visual pictures and auditory words as stimuli.
Participants performed either a picture naming task or a word categorization task.
Distractors and targets varied in modality (picture/word) and semantic relatedness (same/different category).

Main Results:

In a naming task, semantically related word distractors interfered more with picture naming than unrelated distractors.
In a categorization task, semantically related picture distractors interfered less with word categorization than unrelated distractors.
Task type (naming vs. categorization) determined the pattern of cross-modal interference, supporting a semantic component.

Conclusions:

The Stroop effect is not limited to single modalities and manifests cross-modally.
A shared semantic system likely underlies the processing of both visual and auditory information.
Task-dependent processing influences how semantic information is utilized in cross-modal interference paradigms.