Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 29, 2026
07:23
Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
Published on: July 29, 2014
The gender earnings gap among pharmacists
Manuel J Carvajal1, Graciela M Armayor, Lisa Deziel
1Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, 3200 S. University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA. cmanuel@nova.edu
Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy : RSAP
|October 1, 2011
Summary
Despite controlling for factors like experience and hours worked, male pharmacists still earn more than female pharmacists, indicating a persistent gender pay gap in the pharmacy profession.
Area of Science:
- Health Economics
- Pharmacy Practice
- Sociology of Professions
Background:
- A significant gender earnings gap is observed across various professions.
- Women consistently earn less income than men.
- Investigating wage determinants is crucial to identify gender-based disparities in the pharmacy sector.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare how human capital, worker preferences, and opinions influence male and female pharmacists' earnings.
- To evaluate if earnings models for male and female pharmacists produce similar results regarding the wage gap, variable influence, and statistical significance.
Main Methods:
- A survey of 37 questions was distributed to registered pharmacists in South Florida.
- Earnings functions were developed and analyzed separately for male and female pharmacists using unlogged and semilog models.
- Factors such as hours worked, human capital, job preferences, and opinions were examined as potential explanations for wage differences.
Main Results:
- Male and female pharmacists' earnings were influenced by different factors, or by the same factors differently.
- Earnings projections and male-female earnings ratios were consistent across unlogged and semilog models.
- Controlling for variables like hours worked and human capital only slightly reduced the initial earnings gap, suggesting gender bias.
Conclusions:
- Even after accounting for human capital, job characteristics, and opinions, male pharmacists earn more than female pharmacists.
- The study highlights a persistent gender earnings disparity within the pharmacy profession.
Related Concept Videos
01:00Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution
Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are not...
01:29Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
01:17Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
01:22Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption
As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
01:29Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
01:27Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...