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Updated: May 28, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
Published on: November 12, 2014
The genetic component of the forced diving bradycardia response in mammals
Andreas Fahlman1, Brian L Bostrom, Kiran H Dillon
1Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi Corpus Christi, TX, USA.
Abstract:
We contrasted the forced diving bradycardia between two genetically similar (inbred) rat strains (Fischer and Buffalo), compared to that of outbred rats (Wistar). The animals were habituated to forced diving for 4 weeks. Each animal was then tested during one 40 s dive on each of 3 days. The heart rate (f(H)) was measured before, during, and after each dive. Fischer and Buffalo exhibited marked difference in dive bradycardia (Fischer: 120.9 ± 14.0 beats min(-1) vs. Buffalo: 92.8 ± 12.8 beats min(-1), P < 0.05). Outbred rats showed an intermediate response (103.0 ± 30.9 beats min(-1)) but their between-animal variability in mean dive f(H) and pre-diving resting f(H) were higher than the inbred strains (P < 0.05), which showed no difference (P > 0.05). The decreased variability in f(H) in inbred rats as compared with the outbred group indicates that reduced genetic variability minimizes variability of the diving bradycardia between individuals. Heritability within strains was assessed by the repeatability (R) index and was 0.93 ± 0.05 for the outbred, 0.84 ± 0.16 for Buffalo, and 0.80 ± 0.12 for Fischer rats for f(H) during diving. Our results suggest that a portion of the mammalian diving bradycardia may be a heritable trait.
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