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Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback01:24

Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback

Self-esteem is intricately tied to our perception of competence and our ability to exert control over our lives. One of the primary sources of this perception is performance feedback — the ongoing evaluation of our actions in terms of success and failure. According to Franks and Marolla (1976), people derive self-worth from experiencing themselves as causal agents, capable of achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. This process nurtures a critical component of self-esteem: self-efficacy,...
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Bonanno's Theory of Grieving01:17

Bonanno's Theory of Grieving

Grieving is a complex psychological and emotional process that varies significantly among individuals. George Bonanno's research on bereavement identified four distinct patterns of grieving, offering a nuanced understanding of how people cope with significant loss, such as the death of a spouse, over extended periods. These patterns — resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction, and delayed grief — highlight the diversity in emotional responses and adaptive mechanisms.
Resilience
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Delayed psychophysiological recovery after self-concept-inconsistent negative performance feedback.

Ilona Papousek1, Manuela Paechter, Helmut K Lackner

  • 1Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Unit, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria. ilona.papousek@uni-graz.at

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
|October 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Negative feedback inconsistent with self-concept prolongs stress responses, delaying psychophysiological recovery. This highlights how continued cognitive focus on negative experiences impacts health.

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Published on: September 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Psychophysiology
  • Stress Research
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Understanding factors influencing stress recovery is crucial for physical and psychological health maintenance.
  • Individual differences and environmental conditions can affect psychophysiological recovery.
  • The role of self-concept in stress response and recovery requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine heart rate recovery following a stress task with manipulated performance feedback.
  • To investigate how feedback consistency with self-concept influences psychophysiological recovery dynamics.
  • To explore the impact of negative feedback on stress response duration and recovery speed.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a mental arithmetic task followed by bogus performance feedback (positive/negative).
  • Feedback was manipulated to be consistent or inconsistent with participants' self-concept of their skills.
  • Heart rate recovery was measured in two windows and analyzed for degree and speed of recovery.

Main Results:

  • Negative performance feedback prolonged psychophysiological stress responses.
  • This prolongation was particularly pronounced when feedback was inconsistent with self-concept.
  • Findings suggest positive emotional states during stress may impair post-stress recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Negative feedback, especially when incongruent with self-concept, delays heart rate recovery.
  • Results support the perseverative cognition hypothesis, linking continued cognitive processing of negative experiences to delayed recovery.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for developing strategies to enhance stress resilience and health.