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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Thyroidology over the ages.

Asfandyar Khan Niazi1, Sanjay Kalra, Awais Irfan

  • 1Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ancient texts reveal early understanding of the thyroid gland and goiter, predating modern endocrinology. This review traces the historical evolution of thyroidology knowledge from antiquity to the 19th century.

Keywords:
Goiterhistorythyroidology

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Medical History

Background:

  • Thyroidology, the study of the thyroid gland, is a modern field within endocrinology.
  • Ancient Greek, Indian, and Egyptian medical literature contains references to the thyroid gland and its diseases.
  • Goiter, a prevalent condition, has historically garnered significant attention and was frequently depicted in ancient art.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the historical understanding of the thyroid gland, its functions, and associated diseases in ancient civilizations.
  • To trace the evolution of thyroidology knowledge from ancient times to the 19th century.
  • To highlight the continuity of knowledge regarding the thyroid gland across different historical periods.

Main Methods:

  • Historical literature review
  • Analysis of ancient medical texts and artistic depictions
  • Comparative study of historical and modern understanding of thyroid diseases

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests that ancient physicians and scholars possessed considerable knowledge of the thyroid gland and goiter.
  • Iodine deficiency goiter was common in ancient times due to poor nutrition and lack of awareness.
  • Significant discoveries in thyroidology during the 19th and 20th centuries built upon centuries of prior observations.

Conclusions:

  • The study of the thyroid gland has ancient roots, with early civilizations demonstrating awareness of its diseases.
  • Modern thyroidology benefits from a long historical trajectory of observation and understanding.
  • Recognizing historical knowledge provides valuable context for the development of contemporary endocrinology.