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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices
09:30

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Published on: October 16, 2019

Calcium as a trigger for cerebellar long-term synaptic depression.

Elizabeth A Finch1, Keiko Tanaka, George J Augustine

  • 1Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Cerebellum (London, England)
|October 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is a synaptic plasticity mechanism in Purkinje cells. Its properties are explained by local calcium signals from intracellular stores and channel influx, demonstrating a well-understood signaling pathway.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices
09:30

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Published on: October 16, 2019

Measurement of Total Calcium in Neurons by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis
11:42

Measurement of Total Calcium in Neurons by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis

Published on: November 20, 2013

Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and Transgenic Mice for the Study of Synaptic Alterations during Aging and Amyloid Pathology
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Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and Transgenic Mice for the Study of Synaptic Alterations during Aging and Amyloid Pathology

Published on: March 23, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is a key form of synaptic plasticity.
  • LTD occurs in postsynaptic Purkinje cells, influenced by calcium (Ca2+) signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of Ca2+ signaling in triggering and shaping cerebellar LTD.
  • To explain the mechanisms underlying LTD's properties through Ca2+ dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated Ca2+ sources: IP3-mediated release and voltage-gated Ca2+ channel influx.
  • Analyzed local Ca2+ signaling within dendritic spines.
  • Examined supralinear summation of Ca2+ signals.

Main Results:

  • LTD is triggered by local Ca2+ signals within dendritic spines.
  • Supralinear summation of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and influx drives LTD.
  • Ca2+ signal properties explain LTD's associativity, specificity, and timing dependence.

Conclusions:

  • Cerebellar LTD is well-understood from a Ca2+ signaling perspective.
  • The interplay between intracellular Ca2+ release and influx dictates LTD expression kinetics and features.