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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
03:34

Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: November 21, 2025

eNERgizing pluripotent gene transcription.

Jean-Pierre Etchegaray1, Raul Mostoslavsky

  • 1The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|October 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The XPC/RAD23B/CETN2 DNA repair complex also acts as a transcriptional coactivator. This dual function is critical for maintaining stem cell pluripotency.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins are primarily known for their role in DNA repair pathways.
  • The XPC/RAD23B/CETN2 complex is a key component of the NER pathway.

Discussion:

  • Fong et al. (2011) revealed a novel function for the XPC/RAD23B/CETN2 complex beyond DNA repair.
  • This complex acts as a transcriptional coactivator for the key pluripotency factors Oct4/Sox2.
  • This finding challenges the classical understanding of NER protein functions.

Key Insights:

  • The XPC/RAD23B/CETN2 complex plays a dual role in both DNA repair and gene transcription.
  • This complex is crucial for regulating stem cell pluripotency by coactivating Oct4/Sox2.
  • The study highlights a direct link between DNA repair machinery and stem cell maintenance.

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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Outlook:

  • Further research may explore other DNA repair proteins for similar non-canonical functions.
  • Understanding this dual role could lead to new therapeutic strategies for stem cell-related diseases.
  • Investigating the precise mechanisms of coactivation by the XPC/RAD23B/CETN2 complex is warranted.