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Related Concept Videos

Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
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RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
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RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
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The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Transcription01:17

Transcription

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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami
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Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

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Designer RNA nanostructures co-transcribed and self-assembled inside human cell nuclei.

Xu Chang1, Maciej Jeziorek2, Qi Yang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.

Nature Communications
|December 26, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed self-assembling RNA nanostructures for nuclear delivery in human cells. These genetically encoded nanonets offer programmable geometry and localization for advanced biological applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Interfacing with and regulating cellular processes using nucleic acid nanostructures is challenging.
  • Nuclear delivery and retention of synthetic nanostructures in eukaryotic cells are significant hurdles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a platform for genetically encoded, self-assembling RNA nanostructures.
  • To demonstrate their co-transcriptional production, nuclear assembly, and functional integration within live human cells.

Main Methods:

  • Co-transcriptional folding of single-stranded RNAs into defined nanostructures (rings, ribbons, nanonets).
  • In vitro validation using atomic force microscopy.
  • Functional integration of fluorescent aptamers and RNA sensing capabilities.
  • In vivo demonstration in live human cells using confocal live-cell imaging and transmission electron microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Formation of RNA nanostructures with programmable geometry (rings, ribbons, nanonets) validated in vitro.
  • Successful co-transcriptional production and assembly of RNA nanonets within the nucleus of live human cells.
  • Demonstrated retention of well-defined nanostructure patterns in the nucleus.
  • Functional integration of aptamers and sensing capabilities within the nanostructures.

Conclusions:

  • Established a genetically encoded, self-assembling RNA nanostructure system.
  • Demonstrated programmable geometry and nuclear localization capabilities.
  • Provided a foundation for RNA-based nanodevices for studying biological properties in live cells and tissues.