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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Lingual thyroid in children.

P Singhal¹, K R Sharma, A Singhal

¹Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, HP Govt Dental College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. dr.parulsinghal@gmail.com

Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry

|October 12, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Lingual thyroid, a rare embryological anomaly, occurs when the thyroid gland fails to descend. This case report highlights the presentation, diagnosis, and management of this rare condition in a child.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Embryology
Otolaryngology

Background:

Lingual thyroid is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from aberrant descent of the thyroid gland during embryogenesis.
The ectopic thyroid tissue is located at the base of the tongue, failing to reach its normal pre-laryngeal position.

Observation:

The case involves a 5-year-old girl presenting with a foreign body sensation, progressive dysphagia, and dyspnea.
These symptoms were attributed to an ectopic lingual thyroid causing local obstruction.

Findings:

Lingual thyroid can be asymptomatic or present with symptoms like dysphagia, dysphonia, airway obstruction, and hypothyroidism.
Clinical examination and radionuclide scanning are key diagnostic tools for lingual thyroid.

Implications:

Early diagnosis and appropriate management of lingual thyroid are crucial to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.
This case underscores the importance of considering rare embryological anomalies in pediatric patients with relevant symptoms.