Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo, or cyano...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview01:07

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[PET-CT and PET-MRI of the prostate : From <sup>18</sup>F-FDG to <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA].

Der Radiologe·2017
Same author

Dosimetric measurements of (68)Ga-high affinity DOTATATE: twins in spirit - part III.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine·2014
Same author

Prediction of glioma recurrence using dynamic ¹⁸F-fluoroethyltyrosine PET.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology·2014
Same author

[[¹¹C]choline as a pharmacodynamic marker for docetaxel therapy. Response assessment in a LNCaP prostate cancer xenograft mouse model].

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine·2013
Same author

Radiolabelled RGD peptides for imaging and therapy.

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging·2012
Same author

Synthesis, biological evaluation and radiolabelling by 18F-fluoroarylation of a dopamine D3-selective ligand as prospective imaging probe for PET.

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters·2010
Same journal

On the utility of ChatGPT in conducting a literature review on deep learning for dopamine transporter SPECT with [¹²³I]ioflupane.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine·2026
Same journal

McCune-Albright Syndrome with Extensive Fibrous Dysplasia Evaluated by 18F-FDG PET/CT and Whole-body Bone Scintigraphy: A Case Report.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine·2026
Same journal

False-Positive Rib Lesion on Bone Scintigraphy and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT: Fibrous Dysplasia Mimicking Metastasis.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine·2026
Same journal

PSMA-exprimierende Nebennierenläsion beim Prostatakarzinom: Phäochromozytom statt Metastase.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine·2026
Same journal

A translational journey in Germany: From literature to local implementation of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-trastuzumab.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine·2026
Same journal

[68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT Delineates Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer with Limited FDG Avidity.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography
09:57

18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography

Published on: January 11, 2020

Cryptate mediated nucleophilic 18F-fluorination without azeotropic drying.

S H Wessmann1, G Henriksen, H-J Wester

  • 1Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear Medicine
|October 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study simplifies 18F-radiotracer production by using a strong anion-exchange (SAX) resin to dry [18F]fluoride. This method yields reactive [K(+)⊂2.2.2]18F(-) comparable to traditional techniques, facilitating automated radiopharmaceutical synthesis.

More Related Videos

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
08:33

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

Published on: June 28, 2011

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol
08:33

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol

Published on: September 21, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography
09:57

18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography

Published on: January 11, 2020

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
08:33

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

Published on: June 28, 2011

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol
08:33

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol

Published on: September 21, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Radiochemistry
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Radiosynthesis of 18F-labeled tracers typically involves azeotropic drying of [18F]fluoride.
  • This process is often complex and can be a bottleneck in radiopharmaceutical production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified method for preparing reactive [18F]fluoride for nucleophilic substitution.
  • To enable efficient radiosynthesis of 18F-labeled tracers.

Main Methods:

  • Aqueous [18F]fluoride was trapped on a strong anion-exchange (SAX) cartridge.
  • The cartridge was washed with dry acetonitrile (CH3CN), and water-free [18F]fluoride was eluted using an anhydrous solution of [K(+)⊂2.2.2]OH(-) in CH3CN.

Main Results:

  • Quantitative retention of [18F]fluoride on the SAX cartridge was achieved.
  • Water-free [18F]fluoride was recovered in an overall yield of 92±5%.
  • Radiochemical yields of 70-90% were obtained for various 18F-tracers, including [18F]FDG, [18F]FET, and [18F]FLT.

Conclusions:

  • SAX-resin adsorbed [18F]fluoride can be effectively dried and eluted for radiolabeling.
  • The reactivity of the generated [K(+)⊂2.2.2]18F(-) is comparable to that obtained via azeotropic drying.
  • This procedure simplifies automated production of 18F-radiopharmaceuticals and microfluidic device applications.