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Related Concept Videos

Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Related Experiment Video

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Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli
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Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

Published on: November 30, 2018

Viroid replication: rolling-circles, enzymes and ribozymes.

Ricardo Flores1, María-Eugenia Gas, Diego Molina-Serrano

  • 1Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mails: mgas@ibmcp.upv.es (M.-E.G.); dmolina@ibmcp.upv.es (D.M.-S.); manozaf@ibmcp.upv.es (M.-A.N.); alcarol@ibmcp.upv.es (A.C.); selmag@ibmcp.upv.es (S.G.); rivero@ibmcp.upv.es (M.D-P.).

Viruses
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Viroids replicate using host enzymes in the nucleus or chloroplast via an RNA rolling-circle mechanism. Their replication involves RNA polymerase, ribozyme or host enzyme cleavage, and circularization.

Keywords:
catalytic RNAshammerhead ribozymesviroids

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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

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Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli
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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Plant Pathology
  • * Virology

Background:

  • * Viroids are small, non-coding RNA pathogens that depend entirely on host machinery for replication.
  • * Viroids exhibit remarkable host-tissue tropism, replicating in either the nucleus (Pospiviroidae) or chloroplasts (Avsunviroidae).

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying viroid replication in host organelles.
  • * To differentiate the replication strategies of nuclear-replicating (Pospiviroidae) and chloroplast-replicating (Avsunviroidae) viroids.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of RNA-based rolling-circle replication mechanisms.
  • * Investigation of host RNA polymerase involvement in viroid transcription.
  • * Characterization of cleavage and circularization steps mediated by ribozymes or host enzymes.

Main Results:

  • * Viroid replication involves RNA polymerases (nuclear or chloroplastic) transcribing RNA templates.
  • * Cleavage to unit-length RNA is achieved by hammerhead ribozymes (Avsunviroidae) or host RNase III-like enzymes (Pospiviroidae).
  • * Circularization mechanisms vary, potentially involving host RNA ligases or autocatalysis.

Conclusions:

  • * Viroid replication is a complex process relying on host factors and specific RNA structural elements.
  • * Distinct molecular strategies are employed for cleavage and circularization depending on the viroid family and replication site.