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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection
10:39

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Published on: November 27, 2014

West Nile virus: immunity and pathogenesis.

Stephanie M Lim1, Penelope Koraka, Albert D M E Osterhaus

  • 1Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. s.lim@erasmusmc.nl

Viruses
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

West Nile virus (WNV) can cause severe neuroinvasive disease in humans. A weak immune response may allow WNV to replicate and spread to the central nervous system, leading to severe illness.

Keywords:
West Nile viruscentral nervous systemneuroinvasionpathogenesis

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection
10:39

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Published on: November 27, 2014

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09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic, arthropod-borne flavivirus with a complex enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds.
  • WNV has expanded its geographic range globally, including North America, South America, and the Caribbean.
  • While most human infections are asymptomatic, a small percentage develop severe neurological disease, particularly the immunocompromised and elderly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of immune system control over WNV dissemination.
  • To elaborate on the pathogenesis of WNV infection.
  • To explore hypotheses explaining susceptibility to WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of WNV pathogenesis and host immune responses.
  • Analysis of WNV transmission cycles and geographic spread.
  • Discussion of immunological factors influencing WNV neuroinvasion.

Main Results:

  • The immune system employs various mechanisms to limit WNV spread.
  • Pathogenesis involves viral entry into the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Susceptibility to severe neuroinvasive disease in <1% of cases is not fully explained.

Conclusions:

  • A favored hypothesis suggests that a weak immune response facilitates peripheral WNV replication and subsequent CNS spread.
  • Understanding these immune mechanisms is crucial for developing WNV therapeutics and preventative strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the factors contributing to WNV neuroinvasion.