Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
Random Error01:04

Random Error

Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
Random Sampling Method01:09

Random Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest. Among the various sampling methods used by...
Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Integrated InP-based transmitter for continuous-variable quantum key distribution.

Optics express·2025
Same author

Dynamics of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated to COVID-19 in Chile: Epidemiologic trends during pandemic, before and after children vaccination.

Vaccine·2024
Same author

Small-form-factor Gaussian-modulated coherent-state transmitter for CV-QKD using a gain-switched DFB laser.

Optics express·2023
Same author

Squeezed-Light Enhancement and Backaction Evasion in a High Sensitivity Optically Pumped Magnetometer.

Physical review letters·2021
Same author

Erratum: Simple Proof of Equivalence between Adiabatic Quantum Computation and the Circuit Model [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 070502 (2007)].

Physical review letters·2021
Same author

Corrigendum to "Helicobacter pylori, clinical, laboratory, and noninvasive biomarkers suggestive of gastric damage in healthy school-aged children: A case-control study" [Int. J. Infect. Dis. 103 (2021) 423-430].

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·2021
Same journal

Long-term stabilization of intensity-difference squeezing from four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Robust 3D topography measurement of large-range high-aspect-ratio structures based on dual-domain statistical filtering in SD-OCT.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Broadband transmissive terahertz metasurface for simultaneous quad-mode OAM multiplexing.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Leveraging two-dimensional materials for high-sensitivity optical sensors: quasi-bound states in the continuum within hybrid metasurfaces.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Resolution investigation for dual-spherical-wave optical scanning holographic microscopy: methods and performance.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Robustness of parallel subnetwork-filtered diffractive deep neural networks.

Optics express·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

True random numbers from amplified quantum vacuum.

M Jofre1, M Curty, F Steinlechner

  • 1ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Castelldefels, E-08860 Barcelona, Spain. marc.jofre@icfo.es

Optics Express
|October 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel quantum random number generator (QRNG) that efficiently converts vacuum fluctuations into true random bits. The developed QRNG achieves a high bit rate of 1.11 Gbps using optical amplification and interferometry.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Physics
  • Information Security
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Random numbers are crucial for secure communications, simulations, and finance.
  • Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) offer true randomness, surpassing pseudo-random algorithms.
  • Existing QRNGs like single-photon detectors have limited bit rates, while vacuum fluctuations offer vast potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient method for generating true random numbers from vacuum fluctuations.
  • To demonstrate a high-speed QRNG using readily available optical components.
  • To explore the scalability of the proposed QRNG for future telecommunication applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized optical amplification of vacuum fluctuations.
  • Employed interferometry to efficiently convert vacuum fluctuations into random bits.
  • Integrated commercially-available optical components for QRNG implementation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a QRNG with a bit rate of 1.11 Gbps.
  • Successfully converted vacuum fluctuations into true random bits with high efficiency.
  • Showcased the use of standard optical components for practical QRNG construction.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed scheme efficiently generates true random numbers from vacuum fluctuations.
  • The developed QRNG achieves a significant bit rate, suitable for various applications.
  • The technology shows promise for scaling to 10-100 Gbps, impacting secure communication and data processing.