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Related Concept Videos

Counterfactual Thinking01:19

Counterfactual Thinking

Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in human cognition.Types of...
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Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Future decision-making without episodic mental time travel.

Donna Kwan1, Carl F Craver, Leonard Green

  • 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, Canada.

Hippocampus
|October 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with episodic amnesia can still make future-oriented decisions. This study shows that the ability to imagine future experiences is not required for future reward discounting.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuropsychology

Background:

  • Episodic memory deficits are often linked to impaired future imagination (mental time travel).
  • This study investigates decision-making in individuals with severe episodic memory impairments.

Observation:

  • K.C., a patient with profound episodic amnesia and inability to imagine future experiences, was studied.
  • K.C. exhibited systematic discounting of future rewards, comparable to control participants in rate and consistency.

Findings:

  • A dissociation was observed between the capacity for mental time travel and the ability to make decisions involving future rewards.
  • K.C. could not envision personal uses for rewards or justify choosing larger future rewards over smaller immediate ones.

Implications:

  • The findings suggest that mental time travel is not a prerequisite for future-oriented decision-making.
  • This research highlights distinct neural or cognitive mechanisms underlying episodic memory, future imagination, and intertemporal choice.