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Related Concept Videos

Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic aliphatic amines show...
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines01:19

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is broad and...

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Ami - The chemist's amanuensis.

Brian J Brooks1, Adam L Thorn, Matthew Smith

  • 1Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. pm286@cam.ac.uk.

Journal of Cheminformatics
|October 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Ami project developed tools to record ancillary data during chemical experiments. This helps chemists understand unexpected results by replaying experimental events and conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Computer Science
  • Virtual Research Environments

Background:

  • Chemists often encounter unexpected experimental results, making it difficult to determine the cause.
  • Collecting detailed ancillary data is often impractical due to time and resource constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the Virtual Research Environment (VRE) space.
  • To investigate methods for facilitating the monitoring and collection of experimental data.
  • To address the challenge of understanding unexpected experimental outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a monitoring tool using infrared and ultrasonic sensors.
  • Implementation of time-lapse motion video capture.
  • Activity-driven video monitoring of fume cupboard environments.
  • Creation of the Ami client application to control logging functions and build event timelines.

Main Results:

  • The Ami project successfully developed a system for collecting diverse ancillary data, including sensor readings and video logs.
  • A timeline of experimental events and fume cupboard activity was created.
  • Experimentation with Microsoft Kinect suggested potential for virtual molecule manipulation in labs.

Conclusions:

  • The developed tools enable chemists to review detailed experimental timelines and conditions, aiding in the analysis of unexpected results.
  • Collecting ancillary data, previously impractical, can significantly enhance experimental understanding.
  • Further research into novel technologies like Microsoft Kinect in laboratory settings is warranted.