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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors

Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors

Published on: March 17, 2014

PD-L2 is predominantly expressed by Th2 cells.

W Joost Lesterhuis, Henry Steer, Richard A Lake

Molecular Immunology

|October 18, 2011

Summary

Programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) is differentially expressed across T helper cell subsets. This finding indicates a specific role for PD-L2 in regulating distinct T helper cell functions.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Recent work indicated that programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) is expressed by activated T cells, suppressing T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion.
This study investigates the differential expression of PD-L2 across various T helper (Th) cell subsets.

Discussion:

PD-L2 exhibits varied expression patterns among distinct Th subsets.
Predominant PD-L2 expression was observed in Th2 cells.

Key Insights:

PD-L2 expression is not uniform across all activated T cells.
Th2 cells represent a major subset expressing PD-L2.

Outlook:

Further research is warranted to elucidate the functional implications of differential PD-L2 expression in Th subsets.

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Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

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Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

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Understanding these specific interactions may reveal new therapeutic targets in immune regulation.