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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Task practice differentially modulates task-switching performance across the adult lifespan.

Lisa R Whitson1, Frini Karayanidis, Patricia T Michie

  • 1Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Australia.

Acta Psychologica
|October 18, 2011
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Summary

Older adults show greater mixing costs but less switch costs in task switching, with age effects influenced by task practice and preparation. Cognitive flexibility decreases with age, impacting task performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Development

Background:

  • Task-switching paradigms are key to understanding age-related cognitive control changes.
  • Previous research shows inconsistent age effects on mixing and switch costs.
  • Variability in studies suggests factors like practice and preparation influence these costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how task practice and preparation interval affect mixing and switch costs across the adult lifespan.
  • To clarify age-related differences in cognitive control using a modified task-switching paradigm.
  • To explore the mechanisms behind age-related changes in cognitive flexibility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a cued-trials task-switching paradigm with varying preparation intervals and task practice.
  • Recruited participants aged 18-79 years.
  • Analyzed mixing cost and switch cost in relation to age, practice, and preparation.

Main Results:

  • Mixing cost was consistently higher in older adults, reduced by preparation, and minimally affected by practice.
  • Switch cost reduction with preparation emerged later for older adults and depended on task practice.
  • Fully practiced older adults exhibited greater mixing cost but lower switch cost than younger adults.
  • Age effects were linked to reduced differentiation between repeat and switch trials in older adults.

Conclusions:

  • Task practice and preparation significantly modulate mixing and switch costs, with differential effects based on age.
  • Older adults demonstrate reduced cognitive flexibility, evidenced by higher mixing costs and altered switch cost dynamics.
  • Findings highlight the complex interplay of age, practice, and preparation in cognitive control.