Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:28

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
Bioreactor Design and Operational System01:29

Bioreactor Design and Operational System

Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
Bioreactor Controls-II01:18

Bioreactor Controls-II

In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the fermentor via a sparger...
Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prehabilitation in lung cancer patients undergoing lung resection surgery (Fit4LungNeo): study protocol.

Contemporary clinical trials communications·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to "European experience on oncological outcomes of patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer and any prior cancer following lobectomy or segmentectomy" [Lung Cancer J. 217 (2026) 109410].

Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to "European experience on oncological outcomes of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and any prior cancer following lobectomy or segmentectomy" Published in [Lung Cancer https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2026.109410].

Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Layer‑by‑layer biointerface engineering of biopolymer-nanoparticle hybrid coatings for durable antifouling and antibiofilm performance.

Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces·2026
Same author

European experience on oncological outcomes of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and any prior cancer following lobectomy or segmentectomy.

Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Correction to: Numerical and Analytical Methodologies.

Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Engineering Cytochromes for Photocatalysis: Biohybrid Assemblies for Light-Driven Dye Decoloration.

New biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Fish immunization by duckweed biomass accumulating recombinant cyprinid herpesvirus 3 antigens induces specific immune response.

New biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Evaluation of Ogataea polymorpha DUR31 TPP riboswitch as a tool to downregulate gene expression in the yeast Komagataella phaffii.

New biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Semi-automated Ribosome Display for High-Throughput DARPin Binder Selection.

New biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Cell Culture Medium Formulation can be a Driver of Lipoprotein Lipase Release and Polysorbate Degradation Risk in CHO Cell-based Manufacturing Processes.

New biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Advancements in cofactor regeneration for efficient UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GalNAc synthesis.

New biotechnology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
13:09

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations

Published on: January 4, 2018

Continuous steroid biotransformations in microchannel reactors.

Marco P C Marques1, Pedro Fernandes, Joaquim M S Cabral

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. mpc.marques@ist.utl.pt

New Biotechnology
|October 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microchannel reactors enhance bioprocesses for continuous 4-cholesten-3-one production. This intensified process efficiently oxidizes cholesterol, outperforming traditional methods with reduced reaction times and enabling catalyst reuse.

More Related Videos

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
05:21

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor

Published on: February 10, 2023

Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation
09:28

Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation

Published on: May 18, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
13:09

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations

Published on: January 4, 2018

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
05:21

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor

Published on: February 10, 2023

Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation
09:28

Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation

Published on: May 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Enzymatic Catalysis

Background:

  • Microchannel reactor technology offers advantages in mass and heat transfer for bioprocesses.
  • Traditional reactors face limitations in efficiency and handling for enzymatic oxidations.
  • Continuous production platforms are crucial for industrial bioprocess intensification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess a continuous production process for 4-cholesten-3-one using enzymatic cholesterol oxidation in microchannel reactors.
  • To compare the performance of microchannel reactors against traditional stirred tank and plug-flow reactors.
  • To evaluate the integration of a catalase-based system for hydrogen peroxide management and aqueous phase reuse.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Y-shaped microchannel reactors in an aqueous-organic two-phase system for cholesterol oxidation.
  • Employed immobilized catalase in a plug-flow reactor to reduce hydrogen peroxide by-product.
  • Compared microchannel reactor performance with traditional reactor configurations.
  • Operated the system continuously for 300 hours to determine product yield and catalyst stability.

Main Results:

  • Microchannel reactors achieved higher efficiency, reaching similar conversion yields at reduced residence times compared to traditional reactors.
  • Integrated catalase system successfully eliminated hydrogen peroxide, allowing for aqueous phase reuse.
  • Maintained 30% catalytic activity of cholesterol oxidase over the operational period.
  • Achieved a final production of 36 g of 4-cholesten-3-one.

Conclusions:

  • Microchannel reactors represent a superior platform for intensified bioprocesses, specifically for enzymatic cholesterol oxidation.
  • The developed continuous system effectively manages by-products and enables catalyst reuse, enhancing process sustainability.
  • This technology offers a promising alternative to traditional methods for efficient and scalable production of 4-cholesten-3-one.