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Colloids

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Quality of Water

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In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

Published on: July 8, 2016

Glitter and glints on water.

David K Lynch¹, David S P Dearborn, James A Lock

¹Thule Scientific, Topanga, California 90290, USA. thule@earthlink.net

|October 22, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ocean surface glitter and glints are primarily caused by capillary waves, not gravity waves. Cloud cover and wave asymmetry influence their appearance, as shown by new observations and simulations.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

Published on: July 8, 2016

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions

Published on: February 17, 2019

Glass-Based Devices to Generate Drops and Emulsions

Glass-Based Devices to Generate Drops and Emulsions

Published on: April 5, 2022

Area of Science:

Optics
Fluid Dynamics
Oceanography

Background:

Sun and moon glint on water are common optical phenomena.
Understanding glint formation is crucial for remote sensing and optical modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the formation and characteristics of ocean surface glitter and glints.
To correlate observations with theoretical models and simulations.

Main Methods:

Utilized short and long time exposure photographs and high frame rate videos.
Employed the sun and moon as light sources in ocean and laboratory settings.
Developed computer simulations to replicate observed phenomena.

Main Results:

Glitter predominantly occurs on capillary waves, not gravity waves.
Cloud presence affects glitter morphology.
Asymmetric wave slopes cause bent glitter paths.

Conclusions:

Computer simulations successfully reproduce observed glitter and glint characteristics.
Both ray optics and diffraction theory explain optical catastrophes in glint formation.