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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

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Candidiasis

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Related Experiment Videos

Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management.

Archana Singal1, Deepshikha Khanna

  • 1Department of Dermatology and STD, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, India. archanasingal@hotmail.com

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
|October 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Onychomycosis, a common fungal nail infection, is increasingly prevalent due to aging populations and conditions like diabetes. Effective diagnosis relies on KOH, culture, and histology, with continuous terbinafine showing promise for dermatophyte infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Dermatology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Onychomycosis is a prevalent nail fungal infection causing significant physical and psychological distress.
  • Rising prevalence linked to increased longevity, diabetes, sports, and HIV emergence.
  • Dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton) are primary culprits, with Candida and non-dermatophytic molds (NDMs) also implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of onychomycosis.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and advancements in fungal isolation.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies, including special population considerations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic techniques: KOH examination, fungal culture, histopathology, and DNA-based methods.
  • Analysis of treatment modalities: topical (ciclopirox, amorolfine), systemic (terbinafine, fluconazole, itraconazole), and surgical options.
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes and emerging strategies like combination therapy.

Main Results:

  • Accurate diagnosis hinges on appropriate sample collection for KOH, culture, and histology.
  • Continuous terbinafine regimen demonstrates high efficacy for dermatophyte onychomycosis.
  • Despite advancements, challenges in long-term outcomes persist due to treatment failure, relapse, and reinfection.

Conclusions:

  • Onychomycosis diagnosis requires careful sample selection for reliable etiological identification.
  • Optimizing treatment through combination or sequential therapies may improve long-term outcomes.
  • Tailored treatment approaches are essential for special populations like diabetics, the elderly, and children.