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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
Responses to Salt Stress02:02

Responses to Salt Stress

Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
06:55

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Published on: August 5, 2016

B1-to-B2 structural transitions in rock salt intergrowth structures.

Takafumi Yamamoto1, Yoji Kobayashi, Taku Okada

  • 1Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.

Inorganic Chemistry
|October 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Binary oxides and chalcogenides with rock salt (B1) structures transform to the CsCl (B2) structure under high pressure. This study shows the B1-to-B2 transition occurs in intergrowth structures at 29-41 GPa.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

Published on: April 3, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Binary oxides and chalcogenides with rock salt (B1) structure undergo a phase transition to the CsCl (B2) structure under high pressure.
  • The critical pressure (P(s)) for this transition is influenced by the cation to anion size ratio (R(c)/R(a)).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the high-pressure structural behavior of A(2)MO(3) (A = Sr, Ca; M = Cu, Pd) intergrowth compounds.
  • To determine if the B1-to-B2 structural transition observed in binary systems also occurs in these complex intergrowth structures.
  • To examine the relationship between critical pressure and cation/anion size ratio in these materials.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure structural investigation using X-ray diffraction or similar techniques.
  • Analysis of cation-anion size ratios (R(c)/R(a)) to correlate with transition pressures.
  • Measurement of electrical resistivity to understand the impact of structural changes on physical properties.

Main Results:

  • All examined A(2)MO(3) compounds (Sr, Ca; Cu, Pd) exhibited a structural transition from B1 to B2 coordination at critical pressures between 29-41 GPa.
  • The empirical relationship between P(s) and R(c)/R(a) for binary systems was found to be applicable to these intergrowth structures, indicating the rock salt blocks predominantly determine the transition pressure.
  • A deviation was observed in LaSrNiO(3.4) due to partial oxygen occupancy.

Conclusions:

  • The B1-to-B2 structural transition is a general phenomenon in intergrowth structures similar to binary oxides.
  • The critical pressure for this transition in intergrowth structures is primarily governed by the rock salt blocks.
  • The study predicts similar transitions in Ruddlesden-Popper-type layered perovskite oxides at higher pressures and explores the physical property implications through electrical resistivity measurements.