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Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

Influenza.

Eliana Ferroni¹, Tom Jefferson

¹National Agency for the Regional Health Services, Rome, Italy.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|October 25, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review examines influenza vaccines for adults, children, and older individuals. The findings provide crucial information on vaccine effectiveness and safety during influenza seasons.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Public Health
Epidemiology

Background:

Influenza circulates widely during autumn-winter, causing illness and epidemics.
Population immunity influences influenza-like illness incidence.
Vaccination is a key strategy to mitigate influenza's impact.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of influenza vaccines.
To assess vaccine effectiveness and safety across different age groups.
To inform clinical practice and public health strategies.

Main Methods:

Systematic review methodology.
Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to March 2011.
Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA).
Utilized GRADE evaluation for evidence quality.

Main Results:

Included 9 systematic reviews, RCTs, and observational studies.
Evaluated vaccine effectiveness and safety data.
Assessed evidence quality using GRADE framework.

Conclusions:

Presents comprehensive information on influenza vaccine effectiveness.
Details the safety profile of influenza vaccines.
Covers vaccines for adults, children, and older populations.