Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Depression: Overview

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the recognition that people have...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Aeromedical retrievals of children and adolescents with mental health concerns to a tertiary hospital in the northern territory: A retrospective analysis.

Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists·2026

Same author

Optimizing Pharmacological Treatment in Children and Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder: An Individual Participant Data Analysis.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·2026

Same author

Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis: Reducing Self-Harm in Adolescents: Pooled Treatment Effects, Study, Treatment, and Participant Moderators.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·2025

Same author

Association between maternal mental health-related hospitalisation in the 5 years prior to or during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a population-based retrospective cohort data linkage study in the Northern Territory of Australia.

The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific·2024

Same author

Family Functioning in Children With ADHD and Subthreshold ADHD: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study.

Journal of attention disorders·2023

Same author

Association of urinary sex hormones with mood and behavior changes in a community adolescent cohort.

PloS one·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Depression in children and adolescents.

Philip Hazell¹

¹Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|October 25, 2011

Summary

This systematic review evaluates treatments for childhood depression, finding various pharmacological and psychological therapies effective. It highlights cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for relapse prevention and discusses treatments for refractory depression in young people.

Area of Science:

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Clinical Psychology
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Depression affects 2-8% of children and adolescents, peaking around puberty.
Approximately 40% experience recurrent episodes, with significant risks of suicide attempts and mortality.
Early intervention and effective treatment are crucial for long-term outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of various treatments for depression in children and adolescents.
To investigate treatments for refractory depression in this population.
To provide evidence-based guidance for clinicians and researchers.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of 21 studies including systematic reviews, RCTs, and observational studies.

More Related Videos

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice

Published on: March 15, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice

Published on: March 15, 2024

Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to July 2011.

Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA) and performed GRADE evaluation.

Main Results:

Identified a wide range of interventions, including pharmacological (e.g., fluoxetine, citalopram) and psychological (e.g., CBT, interpersonal therapy).
Evidence supports cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for preventing relapse in children and adolescents.
Information on effectiveness and safety was compiled for numerous treatments.

Conclusions:

Multiple pharmacological and psychological interventions show effectiveness for pediatric depression.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is recommended for relapse prevention.
The review synthesizes evidence on a broad spectrum of treatments for this vulnerable population.