Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction02:27

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions01:10

α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

Ketones with α protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the α carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the α carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the strong interaction...
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation02:34

Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

Introduction
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Do chemotherapies still have a place in the era of precision medicine?]

Bulletin du cancer·2026
Same author

[Decoding and guidelines].

Bulletin du cancer·2026
Same author

[The promise of a new world].

Bulletin du cancer·2026
Same author

Genetic polymorphisms of <i>VEGFR2</i> and <i>FGFR2</i> genes are associated with exposure to sunitinib and cardiovascular toxicity.

Pharmacogenomics·2025
Same author

The lung cancer-associated blood biomarker hPG<sub>80</sub> exhibits a reversible increase in response to smoking in asymptomatic individuals.

Biomarker research·2025
Same author

Targeting SUV4-20H Epigenetic Enzymes Enhances Topoisomerase II Poisoning in Prostate Cancer.

Cancer research·2025
Same journal

[ONCONNECTE À L'EMPLOI, feedback after three years of a program to prepare for returning to work after cancer in Franche-Comté].

Bulletin du cancer·2026
Same journal

[Off-label use of venetoclax in myeloma].

Bulletin du cancer·2026
Same journal

[Cemiplimab - Adjuvant treatment for the cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas with high risk of relapse, operated and treated by radiotherapy].

Bulletin du cancer·2026
Same journal

Real-world outcomes and management of endometrial cancer in France from 2016 to 2021 (MOONBEAM study).

Bulletin du cancer·2026
Same journal

[Cardiotoxicity in children and adolescents with acute leukemia: Recommendations from the Leukemia Committee of the French Society of Childhood Cancer (SFCE)].

Bulletin du cancer·2026
Same journal

[Reirradiation: A new therapeutic paradigm in oncology].

Bulletin du cancer·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
09:33

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Published on: March 20, 2018

[Alkylating agents].

Philippe Pourquier1

  • 1Université de Bordeaux, Institut Bergonié, France. pourquier@bergonie.org

Bulletin Du Cancer
|October 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alkylating agents, the oldest anticancer drugs, remain vital for treating specific cancers. New generations and combination therapies, like PARP inhibitors, enhance their effectiveness against resistant tumors.

More Related Videos

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation
08:48

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Published on: January 26, 2016

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry
12:31

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Published on: August 19, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
09:33

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Published on: March 20, 2018

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation
08:48

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Published on: January 26, 2016

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry
12:31

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Published on: August 19, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology

Context:

  • Alkylating agents, the first anticancer drugs approved in 1949, are still crucial in cancer treatment.
  • Despite the rise of targeted therapies, they remain essential for specific indications and refractory diseases.

Purpose:

  • To review major classes and mechanisms of alkylating agents, focusing on new generations.
  • To explore strategies for potentiating classical alkylating agents, including DNA repair inhibition.
  • To highlight the renewed interest in alkylating agents, exemplified by PARP inhibitors.

Summary:

  • This review covers alkylating agents, their mechanisms, and newer derivatives.
  • It discusses strategies to enhance their efficacy, particularly DNA repair inhibition.
  • The development of PARP inhibitors demonstrates a resurgence in the clinical utility of these agents.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of alkylating agents for oncologists and researchers.
  • Highlights novel therapeutic strategies for overcoming chemoresistance.
  • Emphasizes the enduring relevance of alkylating agents in modern cancer therapy.