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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...

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An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
07:46

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

Determinants of tRNA editing and modification: avoiding conundrums, affecting function.

Zdeněk Paris1, Ian M C Fleming, Juan D Alfonzo

  • 1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|October 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are vital for protein synthesis. This review explores tRNA editing, how it impacts tRNA function and structure, and its links to modifications in various organisms.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
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An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
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A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

RNA Catalyst as a Reporter for Screening Drugs against RNA Editing in Trypanosomes
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are crucial molecules that bridge genetic information and protein synthesis.
  • Post-transcriptional modifications are essential for tRNA functionality and can influence translation fidelity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of tRNA editing.
  • To highlight the impact of tRNA editing on tRNA structure and function across diverse organisms.
  • To explore potential connections between tRNA editing and modification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tRNA editing and modification studies.
  • Analysis of existing data on tRNA structure-function relationships.
  • Synthesis of recent findings on tRNA editing and modification interplay.

Main Results:

  • tRNA editing significantly impacts tRNA structure and function, extending beyond simple modifications.
  • Editing can alter the 'meaning' of a tRNA, influencing translation outcomes.
  • Emerging data suggests a link between tRNA editing and post-transcriptional modifications.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA editing is a critical layer of gene expression regulation.
  • The interplay between editing and modification offers novel mechanisms for cellular control over translation.
  • Further research into these connections can reveal new insights into cellular processes.