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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse
09:00

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

Published on: January 28, 2009

Development of a test to evaluate olfactory function in a pediatric population.

Pamela Dalton1, Julie A Mennella, Christopher Maute

  • 1Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. pdalton@pobox.upenn.edu

The Laryngoscope
|October 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Children as young as three can perform olfactory testing, with accuracy improving with age. The National Institutes of Health Toolbox Odor Identification Test is suitable for pediatric olfactory function evaluation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfactory function is crucial for development and well-being.
  • Assessing olfactory abilities in children is important for early detection of potential health issues.
  • Existing olfactory tests may not be suitable for young children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the suitability of two versions of an olfactory function test for pediatric use.
  • To determine the feasibility and accuracy of olfactory testing in children aged 3-17 years.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional cohort study involving 369 children (3-17 years) and 277 adults in Phase 1.
  • A revised 8-odor version was tested on 50 children (3-4 years) and 43 adults in Phase 2.
  • Utilized a scratch-and-sniff odor identification test with familiarity and identification judgments.

Main Results:

  • Completion time and accuracy improved with age in Phase 1.
  • Children aged 5+ showed adult-level accuracy for the best odors.
  • Phase 2 showed improved adult accuracy (92% vs. 68%) and higher accuracy in 3- and 4-year-olds compared to Phase 1.

Conclusions:

  • Children as young as 3 can perform olfactory tests, though younger children take longer.
  • Identification accuracy is age-dependent.
  • The National Institutes of Health Toolbox Odor Identification Test is a viable tool for pediatric olfactory assessment, pending normative data collection.